Posted in Research

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

 October 20, 2021

  • Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

    Pablo Librado, Naveed Khan, Antoine Fages, Mariya A. Kusliy, Tomasz Suchan, Laure Tonasso-Calvière, Stéphanie Schiavinato, Duha Alioglu, Aurore Fromentier, Charleen Gaunitz, Lorelei Chauvey, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Clio Der Sarkissian & Ludovic Orlando

  • Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

    Mariya A. Kusliy & Alexander S. Graphodatsky

  • W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

    Tomasz Suchan & Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo

  • Genoscope, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France

    Aude Perdereau

  • Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France

    Jean-Marc Aury & Patrick Wincker

  • Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

    John Southon

  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Beth Shapiro

  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Beth Shapiro

  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia

    Alexey A. Tishkin, Kirill Yu. Kiryushin & Nikolai N. Seregin

  • Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Alexey A. Kovalev

  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Saleh Alquraishi, Ahmed H. Alfarhan & Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid

  • Institute for Archaeology, Heritage Conservation Studies and Art History, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany

    Timo Seregély

  • Museum Østjylland, Randers, Denmark

    Lutz Klassen

  • Saxo Institute, section of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Rune Iversen

  • ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France

    Olivier Bignon-Lau, Pierre Bodu & Monique Olive

  • Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Secteur des Vertébrés, Geneva, Switzerland

    Jean-Christophe Castel

  • UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France

    Myriam Boudadi-Maligne & Mélanie Pruvost

  • Geneva Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland

    Nadir Alvarez

  • Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Nadir Alvarez

  • OD Earth & History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

    Mietje Germonpré

  • Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

    Jarosław Wilczyński & Sylwia Pospuła

  • Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

    Anna Lasota-Kuś & Krzysztof Tunia

  • Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

    Marek Nowak

  • Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Tartu, Estonia

    Eve Rannamäe

  • Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Urmas Saarma

  • Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, SB RAS, Yakutsk, Russia

    Gennady Boeskorov

  • Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia

    Lembi Lōugas

  • Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia

    René Kyselý

  • Prague, Czechia

    Lubomír Peške

  • Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania

    Adrian Bălășescu, Valentin Dumitrașcu & Roxana Dobrescu

  • Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary

    Daniel Gerber, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy & Balázs G. Mende

  • Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

    Daniel Gerber

  • Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary

    Viktória Kiss, Gabriella Kulcsár & Erika Gál

  • Ásatárs Ltd., Kecskemét, Hungary

    Zsolt Gallina

  • Rippl-Rónai Municipal Museum with Country Scope, Kaposvár, Hungary

    Krisztina Somogyi

  • School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Edinburgh, UK

    Robin Bendrey

  • Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    Morten E. Allentoft

  • Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Morten E. Allentoft

  • Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova

    Ghenadie Sirbu

  • Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova

    Valentin Dergachev

  • Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, MA, USA

    Henry Shephard

  • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France

    Noémie Tomadini, Sandrine Grouard, Benoit Clavel, Sébastien Lepetz & Marjan Mashkour

  • Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia

    Aleksei Kasparov, Vladimir Pitulko, Alexander Bessudnov & Nikolay A. Bokovenko

  • Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Alexander E. Basilyan & Pavel A. Nikolskiy

  • Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia

    Mikhail A. Anisimov & Elena Y. Pavlova

  • Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Gottfried Brem & Barbara Wallner

  • Department of Prehistory and Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Christoph Schwall

  • Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Marcel Keller

  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany

    Marcel Keller, Johannes Krause & Wolfgang Haak

  • SFB 1070 Resource Cultures, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Keiko Kitagawa

  • Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Keiko Kitagawa

  • UMR 7194 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UPVD, Paris, France

    Keiko Kitagawa

  • Semenov-Tyan-Shanskii Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, Lipetsk, Russia

    Alexander N. Bessudnov

  • Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    William Taylor

  • Musée d’Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco

    Jérome Magail

  • Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

    Jamiyan-Ombo Gantulga & Turbat Tsagaan

  • Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany

    Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan

  • Chinggis Khaan Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

    Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan

  • Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

    Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj & Tumur-Ochir Iderkhangai

  • Department of History, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    Kubatbeek Tabaldiev

  • Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

    Bazartseren Boldgiv

  • Division of Archaeology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Sandra Olsen

  • Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany

    Cheryl A. Makarewicz

  • ROOTS Excellence Cluster, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany

    Cheryl A. Makarewicz

  • Archaeology of Social Dynamics, Institució Milà i Fontanals d’Humanitats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    Silvia Valenzuela Lamas

  • Departament d’Història i Arqueologia–SERP, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Silvia Albizuri Canadell

  • Grup d’Investigació Prehistòrica, Universitat de Lleida, PID2019-110022GB-I00, Lleida, Spain

    Ariadna Nieto Espinet

  • Valencia, Spain

    Ma Pilar Iborra

  • Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain

    Jaime Lira Garrido

  • Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain

    Jaime Lira Garrido & Juan Luis Arsuaga

  • Instituto de Arqueología (CSIC–Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain

    Esther Rodríguez González & Sebastián Celestino

  • Laboratori d’Arqueologia Prehistòrica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain

    Carmen Olària

  • Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Juan Luis Arsuaga

  • Department of Eneolithic and Bronze Age, Institute of Archaeology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

    Nadiia Kotova

  • Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Alexander Pryor & Alan Outram

  • Center for the Study of Human Origins, Anthropology Department, New York University, New York, NY, USA

    Pam Crabtree

  • Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Rinat Zhumatayev & Abdesh Toleubaev

  • Scientific Research Department, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg, Russia

    Nina L. Morgunova

  • Department of paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Tatiana Kuznetsova

  • Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

    Tatiana Kuznetsova

  • Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia

    David Lordkipanize

  • Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

    David Lordkipanize

  • Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy

    Matilde Marzullo, Ornella Prato, Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni & Umberto Tecchiati

  • University of Tehran, Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology Section, Tehran, Iran

    Hossein Davoudi & Marjan Mashkour

  • Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Natalia Ya. Berezina

  • Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

    Philipp W. Stockhammer, Johannes Krause & Wolfgang Haak

  • Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Munich, Germany

    Philipp W. Stockhammer

  • School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Wolfgang Haak

  • Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Arturo Morales-Muñiz

  • Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany

    Norbert Benecke, Sabine Reinhold & Svend Hansen

  • Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Michael Hofreiter

  • Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany

    Arne Ludwig

  • Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Arne Ludwig

  • ArchaeoBioCenter and Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

    Joris Peters

  • SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany

    Joris Peters

  • ArchaeoZOOlogy in Siberia and Central Asia—ZooSCAn International Research Laboratory, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

    Sergey K. Vasiliev

  • Department of Eastern European and Siberian Archaeology, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia

    Konstantin V. Chugunov

  • Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia

    Natalya A. Plasteeva & Pavel A. Kosintsev

  • Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia

    Gennady F. Baryshnikov & Mikhail Sablin

  • Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Ekaterina Petrova & Elina Ananyevskaya

  • Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan

    Andrey Logvin & Irina Shevnina

  • Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia

    Victor Logvin & Saule Kalieva

  • Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan

    Valeriy Loman, Igor Kukushkin, Victor Varfolomeyev & Emma Usmanova

  • Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan

    Ilya Merz & Victor Merz

  • Faculty of History, L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

    Sergazy Sakenov

  • Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Viktor Zaibert

  • Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Benjamin Arbuckle

  • Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia

    Andrey B. Belinskiy & Alexej Kalmykov

  • Research Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Saratov, Russia

    Aleksandr I. Yudin

  • Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia

    Alekandr A. Vybornov, Natalia Roslyakova & Pavel F. Kuznetsov

  • Russian and Foreign History Department, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

    Andrey Epimakhov

  • South Ural Department, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia

    Andrey Epimakhov

  • Archaeological School, Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, Cheboksary, Russia

    Natalia S. Berezina

  • Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia

    Pavel A. Kosintsev

  • Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

    David Anthony

  • Anthropology Faculty, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA

    David Anthony

  • Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Guus J. Kroonen

  • Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Guus J. Kroonen

  • Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Kristian Kristiansen

  • Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Kristian Kristiansen

  • Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan

    Naveed Khan

    • Designed, conceived and coordinated the study: L.O. Provided samples, reagents and material: A. Perdereau, J.-M.A., B.S., A.A.T., A.A.K., S.A., A.H.A., K.A.S.A.-R., T. Seregély, L.K., R.I., O.B.-L., P.B., M.O., J.-C.C., M.B.-M., N.A., M.G., M.M.-d.H., J.W., S.P., A.L.-K., K. Tunia, M.N., E.R., U.S., G. Boeskorov, L.L., R.K., L.P., A. Bălășescu, V. Dumitrașcu, R.D., D.G., V.K., A.S.-N., B.G.M., Z.G., K.S., G.K., E.G., R.B., M.E.A., G.S., V. Dergachev, H.S., N.T., S.G., A. Kasparov, A.E.B., M.A.A., P.A.N., E.Y.P., V.P., G. Brem, B.W., C.S., M.K., K. Kitagawa, A.N.B., A. Bessudnov, W.T., J.M., J.-O.G., J.B., D.E., K. Tabaldiev, E.M., B.B., T.T., M.P., S.O., C.A.M., S.V.L., S.A.C., A.N.E., M.P.I., J.L.G., E.R.G., S.C., C.O., J.L.A., N. Kotova, A. Pryor, P.C., R.Z., A.T., N.L.M., T.K., D.L., M. Marzullo, O.P., G.B.G., U.T., B.C., S.L., H.D., M. Mashkour, N.Y.B., P.W.S., J.K., W.H., A.M.-M., N.B., M.H., A. Ludwig, A.S.G., J.P., K.Y.K., T.-O.I., N.A.B., S.K.V., N.N.S., K.V.C., N.A.P., G.F.B., E.P., M.S., E.A., A. Logvin, I.S., V. Logvin, S.K., V. Loman, I.K., I.M., V.M., S. Sakenov, V.V., E.U., V.Z., B.A., A.B.B., A. Kalmykov, S.R., S.H., A.I.Y., A.A.V., A.E., N.S.B., N.R., P.A.K., P.F.K., D. Anthony, G.J.K., K. Kristiansen, P.W., A.O. and L.O. Performed radiocarbon dating: J.S. Performed wet-lab work: N. Kahn, A. Fages, M.A.K., T. Suchan, L.T.-C., S. Schiavinato, A.F., A. Perdereau, C.G., L.C., A.S.-O and C.D.S., with input from L.O. Analysed genomic data: P.L. and L.O. Analysed uniparental markers: D. Alioglu, with input from P.L. and L.O. Prepared the linguistic index: G.J.K. Interpreted data: P.L. and L.O., with input from B.A., S.R., S.H., D. Anthony, G.J.K., K. Kristiansen and A.O. Wrote the article: L.O., with input from P.L., B.A., S.R., S.H., D. Anthony, G.J.K., K. Kristiansen, A.O. and all co-authors. Wrote the Supplementary Information: P.L., A. Fages, G.J.K. and L.O., with input from all co-authors.

    Correspondence to
    Ludovic Orlando.

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