First Online:
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made in pulsed electric field-based therapies since the first reports describing the occurrence of electric field-induced transient pores in phospholipid bilayer vesicles. The term electroporation took some time to anchor within the vocabulary of the scientific community. Cell and tissue electroporation, visualized at the single-cell level, can be described as a succession of different steps. By a good selection of the pulses parameters, it is possible to induce a transient or irreversible permeabilization of the cell membrane, and to transfer non-permeant or poorly permeant molecules into cells and tissues. The development and current use of electroporation in oncology practice indeed highly benefitted from the understanding of the mechanisms and underlying biological processes of this method, from the optimization of pulses generators and electrodes, and from the standardization of the operating procedures. Classical electrochemotherapy and irreversible electroporation, already proved their efficacy to treat cancer both in human and veterinary clinics. Gene electrotransfer for immunotherapy and the combination of calcium ions with high-intensity electric field pulses, on another hand, have been developed in the last years, and are emerging as two additional clinical applications of electroporation.
Keywords
Electroporation Electrochemotherapy Veterinary oncology Membrane permeabilization Molecules delivery Cytotoxic drugs Companion animals Cancer treatment Technology Mechanisms
Notes
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to Dr. Jelena Kolosjnaj-Tabi for English corrections and to all their collaborators, post-doc, PhD, and Master students they have/had the pleasure to work with and who contributed so much in the elucidation of the process of electroporation and the development of its applications in clinics.
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