Exercise 8.docx – Review of Transcription and Translation – A gene encodes the instructions a cell requires to synthesize a product – rRNA is essential

Review of Transcription and TranslationA gene encodes the instructions a cell requires to synthesize a productrRNA is essential components of ribosomesrRNA contains code that a ribosome needs to construct a specificpolypeptide (which then folds to forms a protein)tRNA distribute amino acids to the ribosomesThe order of codons in an mRNA encodes for the order of amino acids in a polypeptideWhen a cell builds a protein, it performs transcription (DNA → RNA) thentranslation (mRNA → protein).Both processes involve using the pattern existing in one molecule (a template) tosynthesize a different molecule.Both processes require specific catalysts that must bind, or attach, to theirtemplates at the correct location to begin synthesis.TranscriptionRNA is constructed using the information in a gene (DNA)RNA polymerase: The enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesisSince RNA is single stranded, only one of the two DNA strands are needed toconstruct it.A new strand of nucleotides (DNA or RNA) can ONLY be synthesized in the 5’ to3’ directionSince RNA is created in the 5’ → 3’ direction, the DNA strand used tosynthesize it must have the opposite orientation (3’ → 5’).RNA polymerase ‘reads’ the pattern of information in the template strand to builda complementary, antiparallel RNA strandDuring transcription, the DNA is temporarily denatured to expose the templatestrand to the RNA polymerase.RNA polymerase reads the nucleotide order in the DNA template strand (3’ →5’) to synthesize a complementary RNA strand 5’ → 3’ a single nucleotide at atime.RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between

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